Refresh Tears

For the treatment of dry eye symptoms and ocular irritation, the standard adult dosage of Carboxymethylcellulose sodium (0.5% or 1.0%) is 1 to 2 drops in the affected eye(s) as needed.

• Mild Dry Eye: Patients typically find relief with 2 to 4 applications per day.
• Moderate to Severe Dry Eye: Patients may require application every 1 to 2 hours. In these cases, a preservative-free formulation is strongly recommended to avoid 'preservative toxicity,' which can further irritate the corneal surface.
• Overnight Use: For patients who experience 'morning dryness,' a thicker gel-based CMC formulation (1.0%) may be applied immediately before sleep.

Carboxymethylcellulose is generally considered safe for pediatric use, as it is not systemically absorbed. However, there is no standardized 'pediatric dose' established by the FDA. Healthcare providers typically recommend the same 'as needed' frequency as adults (1-2 drops). Parents should consult a pediatrician before using any eye drops in children under the age of 6 to ensure the symptoms are not caused by an underlying infection or allergy that requires different treatment.

Renal Impairment

No dosage adjustments are necessary for patients with kidney disease. Because Carboxymethylcellulose is not absorbed into the bloodstream, renal clearance is not a factor in its use or safety profile.

Hepatic Impairment

No dosage adjustments are required for patients with liver disease. The drug does not undergo hepatic metabolism (it is not processed by the liver).

Elderly Patients

Elderly patients often suffer from age-related dry eye (aqueous deficiency). No specific dose adjustment is needed, but elderly patients may prefer preservative-free vials if they have fragile ocular surfaces or are using multiple other ophthalmic medications for conditions like glaucoma.

Proper administration is crucial to ensure efficacy and prevent contamination:

1. 1Wash Hands: Always wash your hands thoroughly before touching the eye drop bottle or your eyes.
2. 2Prepare the Bottle: If using a multi-dose bottle, ensure the seal is intact. If using a single-use vial, twist off the top.
3. 3Positioning: Tilt your head back and look upward. Pull down your lower eyelid with one finger to create a small pocket.
4. 4Application: Hold the dropper directly over the eye. Do not let the tip of the dropper touch your eye, eyelashes, or any other surface. Contamination of the tip can lead to serious eye infections.
5. 5The Drop: Squeeze one drop into the pocket of the lower eyelid.
6. 6Close and Press: Close your eye gently. Do not rub. Press your finger against the corner of your eye (near the nose) for about 1 minute. This helps keep the drop on the eye and prevents it from draining away too quickly.

Since Carboxymethylcellulose is typically used on an 'as needed' basis, a missed dose is not clinically significant. If you are on a schedule and miss a dose, simply apply the drops as soon as you remember. Do not 'double up' the drops; the eye can only hold about one-tenth of a single drop at a time, so extra drops will simply run down your cheek.

An overdose of Carboxymethylcellulose in the eye is virtually impossible, as the excess fluid will simply drain out of the eye. However, if the solution is accidentally swallowed, it is generally non-toxic. In large quantities, oral ingestion might cause mild gastrointestinal upset or a laxative effect. If a child swallows a large amount of the solution, contact a Poison Control Center or seek emergency medical attention as a precaution, primarily due to the other ingredients (preservatives/buffers) in the solution.

> Important: Follow your healthcare provider's dosing instructions. Do not adjust your dose without medical guidance.

Most patients tolerate Carboxymethylcellulose exceptionally well. However, because it is a viscosifying agent, the most common side effect is transient blurred vision. This typically feels like a 'filmy' sensation over the eye immediately after application. It usually lasts for 30 seconds to 2 minutes as the drop spreads across the ocular surface.

Other common experiences include:

• Mild stinging or burning: This may occur upon initial instillation, especially if the eye surface is severely dry and 'cracked.'
• Eye discharge or crusting: As the liquid evaporates, the cellulose polymer can leave a small amount of clear or white residue on the eyelashes.

Some patients may experience slightly more persistent symptoms, including:

• Foreign body sensation: The feeling that something is in the eye.
• Eye redness (hyperemia): A mild increase in the redness of the white part of the eye.
• Increased sensitivity to light (photophobia): Usually mild and temporary.
• Watery eyes: Occasionally, the eye responds to the drop by producing more of its own (lower quality) tears.

Rarely, patients may develop a sensitivity to the components of the solution:

• Severe eye pain: If the eye surface is compromised, any drop may cause significant discomfort.
• Eyelid swelling (edema): A localized inflammatory response.
• Persistent blurred vision: If the blurriness does not clear within a few minutes, it may indicate a reaction to the specific formulation.

While Carboxymethylcellulose is not systemically toxic, serious localized reactions or contamination-related issues can occur.

> Warning: Stop taking Carboxymethylcellulose and call your doctor immediately if you experience any of these:

• Signs of Eye Infection: This includes thick, yellow, or green discharge, severe redness, fever, or sudden change in vision. This is often caused by a contaminated bottle tip rather than the drug itself.
• Anaphylaxis or Severe Allergic Reaction: Though extremely rare, symptoms include rash, itching, severe dizziness, swelling of the tongue or throat, and difficulty breathing. As a 'Non-Standardized Chemical Allergen,' CMC can trigger these responses in hypersensitive individuals.
• Sudden Vision Loss: Any acute change in visual acuity requires an immediate ophthalmic evaluation.
• Persistent Irritation: If the condition worsens or lasts longer than 72 hours despite treatment.

Carboxymethylcellulose is generally safe for long-term use. Unlike 'redness relief' drops (vasoconstrictors), CMC does not cause 'rebound redness.' However, long-term use of preserved CMC drops can lead to a condition called medicamentosa, where the preservatives (like benzalkonium chloride, though less common in modern CMC) actually damage the corneal cells. This is why long-term users are often switched to preservative-free versions. There is no evidence that long-term use of CMC affects internal eye pressure or contributes to cataract formation.

No FDA black box warnings have been issued for Carboxymethylcellulose. It is considered one of the safest pharmacological agents available for ocular health. The primary regulatory focus is on manufacturing quality and the prevention of microbial contamination.

Report any unusual symptoms to your healthcare provider.

Carboxymethylcellulose is an over-the-counter (OTC) medication, but it must be used with the same caution as any prescription drug. The most critical safety factor is maintaining the sterility of the solution. Because the eye is highly susceptible to infection, any bacteria introduced into the bottle can multiply and cause sight-threatening conditions like bacterial keratitis (infection of the cornea).

No FDA black box warnings for Carboxymethylcellulose.

Allergic Reactions / Anaphylaxis Risk

As its classification as a Non-Standardized Chemical Allergen [EPC] suggests, some individuals may have a pre-existing sensitivity to cellulose derivatives. If you have had a reaction to other eye drops, ultrasound gels, or certain food thickeners, you should inform your doctor. Symptoms of an allergic reaction include eyelid itching, swelling, and hives.

Contamination Risk

To avoid contamination, do not touch the tip of the container to any surface, including the eye or skin. Always replace the cap after use. If the solution changes color or becomes cloudy, discard it immediately and start a new bottle.

Underlying Conditions

Dry eye can sometimes be a symptom of a systemic autoimmune disease, such as Sjogren’s Syndrome, Rheumatoid Arthritis, or Lupus. If your dry eye is severe and accompanied by dry mouth, joint pain, or fatigue, Carboxymethylcellulose may only be treating the symptom and not the cause. A full medical evaluation is recommended.

There are no specific lab tests (like blood counts or liver function tests) required for patients using Carboxymethylcellulose. However, patients with chronic dry eye should have regular slit-lamp examinations by an optometrist or ophthalmologist to monitor the health of the corneal surface and ensure that the lubrication is sufficient to prevent scarring.

Carboxymethylcellulose causes temporary blurring of vision immediately after application. Do not drive, operate heavy machinery, or engage in any activity requiring clear vision until you are certain your vision has returned to its baseline. This usually takes 1 to 5 minutes, depending on the viscosity of the drop.

There are no known direct interactions between alcohol consumption and Carboxymethylcellulose. However, alcohol is a known dehydrating agent and can exacerbate the symptoms of dry eye. Reducing alcohol intake may improve the efficacy of the treatment.

There are no tapering requirements for Carboxymethylcellulose. You can stop using it at any time without risk of withdrawal or physical rebound. However, if the underlying cause of your dry eye has not been resolved, your symptoms (burning, redness, irritation) will likely return shortly after you stop using the drops.

> Important: Discuss all your medical conditions with your healthcare provider before starting Carboxymethylcellulose.

There are no known systemic drug-drug contraindications for Carboxymethylcellulose because it is not absorbed into the bloodstream. However, from a physical standpoint, it should not be mixed directly in the eye with other ophthalmic medications unless specifically directed by a physician. Mixing different types of eye drops can change the pH and osmolarity, potentially causing irritation or reducing the effectiveness of both drugs.

While not 'serious' in a life-threatening sense, the use of CMC can interfere with the absorption of other topical ophthalmic medications. Because CMC creates a mucoadhesive barrier on the eye, it can prevent other drugs—such as Glaucoma drops (Prostalglandin analogs, Beta-blockers) or Antibiotic drops—from reaching the corneal surface.

• Management Strategy: Always wait at least 10 minutes between applying Carboxymethylcellulose and any other eye drop. Typically, the 'thinner' medicated drop should be applied first, followed by the 'thicker' CMC drop 10 minutes later.

Contact Lenses

Many Carboxymethylcellulose formulations (especially multi-dose bottles) contain preservatives that can be absorbed by soft contact lenses. This can lead to lens discoloration and localized irritation.

• Management Strategy: Remove contact lenses before instilling the drops. Wait at least 15 minutes after using the drops before reinserting the lenses. Alternatively, use only 'preservative-free' CMC vials, which are generally compatible with contact lenses.

There are no known food interactions with Carboxymethylcellulose. It does not interact with grapefruit juice, dairy, or high-fat meals. However, a diet rich in Omega-3 fatty acids (found in fish oil and flaxseed) has been shown in clinical studies to work synergistically with CMC to improve the quality of the natural tear film.

There are no documented interactions between Carboxymethylcellulose and common herbal supplements like St. John’s Wort or Ginkgo Biloba. Patients using herbal supplements for eye health (such as Lutein or Bilberry) can continue to use CMC safely.

Carboxymethylcellulose does not interfere with standard blood or urine lab tests. In the context of its use as a Non-Standardized Chemical Allergen, it may be used during a lab-controlled patch test, where its presence is the variable being measured. It does not cause false positives or negatives on unrelated diagnostic tests.

| Interaction Type | Mechanism | Clinical Consequence | Management |

|---|---|---|---|

| Topical Ophthalmic Meds | Physical Barrier Formation | Reduced efficacy of the second drug | Wait 10 minutes between drops |

| Soft Contact Lenses | Preservative Absorption | Lens damage and eye irritation | Remove lenses for 15 mins |

| Oral Medications | Binding (if CMC is ingested) | Delayed absorption of oral drugs | Take oral meds 2 hours apart from CMC |

> Important: Tell your doctor about ALL medications, supplements, and herbal products you are taking.

Carboxymethylcellulose must NEVER be used in the following circumstances:

1. 1Known Hypersensitivity: If you have a documented allergy to Carboxymethylcellulose sodium or any other cellulose derivative (such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), you must avoid these products. An allergic reaction can cause severe blepharitis (eyelid inflammation) or conjunctival swelling.
2. 2Active Ocular Infection (Untreated): While CMC is not harmful itself, using a lubricant drop as a substitute for necessary antibiotics or antivirals during an active infection can allow the infection to progress, leading to permanent vision loss.
3. 3Post-Operative Open Wounds: While used after surgery, it should only be used as directed by the surgeon. In cases of a 'penetrating' eye injury where the globe is ruptured, no OTC drops should be instilled.

These conditions require a careful risk-benefit analysis by a healthcare professional:

• Severe Preservative Sensitivity: Patients who have reacted poorly to PURITE® or other 'disappearing' preservatives should only use preservative-free, single-use vials.
• Contact Lens Wear: Not a contraindication for the drug itself, but a contraindication for using multi-dose preserved bottles while the lenses are in the eye.

Patients who are allergic to other cellulose-based products may show cross-sensitivity to Carboxymethylcellulose. These include:

• Methylcellulose
• Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (Hypromellose)
• Hydroxyethyl Cellulose

If you have had an adverse reaction to any 'artificial tear' product in the past, review the active and inactive ingredients with your pharmacist to identify if a cellulose derivative was the cause.

> Important: Your healthcare provider will evaluate your complete medical history before prescribing Carboxymethylcellulose.

FDA Pregnancy Category: Not Formally Assigned (Generally considered safe).

Carboxymethylcellulose sodium is a high-molecular-weight polymer that is not absorbed systemically following topical ophthalmic or oral administration. Because there is no systemic exposure, it is highly unlikely to reach the developing fetus. There are no known reports of teratogenicity (birth defects) associated with CMC. It is widely considered the first-line treatment for 'pregnancy-induced dry eye,' which occurs due to hormonal shifts. However, as with all medications, pregnant women should consult their obstetrician before use.

It is not known whether Carboxymethylcellulose is excreted in human milk. However, because systemic absorption is negligible, the concentration in breast milk would be expected to be zero. There is no known risk to the nursing infant. It is considered compatible with breastfeeding.

Carboxymethylcellulose is frequently used in children for the treatment of environmental eye irritation or juvenile dry eye. There are no specific age-related restrictions. The primary concern in pediatric populations is the physical administration of the drops (avoiding injury to the eye with the dropper) and ensuring that the symptoms are not actually caused by viral or bacterial conjunctivitis ('pink eye'), which is common in school-aged children.

Dry eye syndrome is significantly more prevalent in patients over the age of 65 due to the natural atrophy of the lacrimal glands. Geriatric patients may have difficulty with the manual dexterity required to squeeze small eye drop bottles.

• Pharmacokinetic Changes: None, as there is no systemic metabolism.
• Polypharmacy: Many elderly patients take systemic medications (like antihistamines, diuretics, or antidepressants) that cause dry eye as a side effect. CMC is an essential tool in managing these medication-induced symptoms.

Carboxymethylcellulose does not enter the systemic circulation and is not cleared by the kidneys. Therefore, no dosage adjustments are necessary for patients with any stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) or those on dialysis.

Since CMC is not metabolized by the liver, it is safe for use in patients with hepatic cirrhosis or liver failure without any modification to the standard dosing regimen.

> Important: Special populations require individualized medical assessment.

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is a mucomimetic polymer. Its molecular structure consists of a cellulose backbone with glucopyranose units that have been substituted with carboxymethyl groups. This structure gives the molecule a strong negative charge (anionic).

In the eye, the mechanism of action is two-fold:

1. 1Viscosification: CMC increases the viscosity of the tear film, which reduces the rate at which tears drain through the puncta and increases the 'break-up time' (BUT) of the tear film. This keeps the cornea moist for longer.
2. 2Mucoadhesion: The anionic nature of CMC allows it to bind to the positively charged proteins (mucins) on the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. This creates a protective, lubricating gel-like layer that reduces friction during blinking and promotes the migration of epithelial cells, which aids in the repair of the ocular surface.

• Onset of Effect: Immediate. Patients typically feel a cooling, soothing sensation within seconds of instillation.
• Duration of Effect: 15 to 45 minutes for standard 0.5% solutions; up to 2 hours for high-viscosity 1.0% gel-drops.
• Tolerance: There is no evidence of pharmacological tolerance. The drug remains effective with long-term use, though the underlying dry eye disease may progress independently.

| Parameter | Value |

|---|---||

| Bioavailability | 0% (Topical/Oral) |

| Protein Binding | N/A (Not systemically present) |

| Half-life | 15–45 minutes (Ocular surface residence) |

| Tmax | Immediate (Local effect) |

| Metabolism | None (Biologically inert) |

| Excretion | Nasolacrimal drainage / Fecal |

• Molecular Formula: [C6H7O2(OH)x(OCH2COONa)y]n
• Molecular Weight: Varies widely by grade (typically 90,000 to 700,000 Daltons).
• Solubility: Highly soluble in water; forms a clear, viscous colloidal solution.
• Description: A white to off-white, odorless, hygroscopic powder in its raw form.

Carboxymethylcellulose is classified as an Ophthalmic Lubricant and a Cellulose Derivative. Within the FDA's Established Pharmacologic Class (EPC) system, it is also categorized as a Non-Standardized Chemical Allergen, reflecting its use in diagnostic immunological testing.