According to the FDA (2024), Dextroamphetamine is a Schedule II controlled substance with a high potential for abuse and physical dependence.
A study published in the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (2022) indicates that urinary pH significantly affects the elimination half-life of dextroamphetamine.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (2023) recommends monitoring height and weight in children on stimulants at least every 6 months to track potential growth suppression.
DailyMed records show that Dextroamphetamine was first approved by the FDA in the mid-20th century, making it one of the longest-studied ADHD treatments.
Research in the American Journal of Psychiatry (2021) suggests that stimulants like dextroamphetamine can increase resting heart rate by an average of 3-6 beats per minute.
According to the NIH (2024), the 'dextro' isomer is approximately twice as potent as the 'levo' isomer in its effects on the central nervous system.
The FDA Boxed Warning (2023) emphasizes that misuse of amphetamines may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular adverse events.
A meta-analysis in the Lancet (2018) confirmed that dextroamphetamine is highly effective for short-term symptom control in adults with ADHD.
The World Health Organization (WHO) includes stimulants on its list of essential medicines for specific neurodevelopmental conditions under strict supervision.
This page is for informational purposes only and does not replace medical advice. Before using any prescription or over-the-counter medication for Dexedrine, you must consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Dextroamphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant primarily prescribed for the management of ADHD and narcolepsy. It works by increasing the activity of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain to enhance focus and impulse control.
💊Usage & Dosage
Adult Dosage
Dosage for dextroamphetamine must be highly individualized based on the therapeutic needs and response of the patient. Healthcare providers typically follow the principle of 'start low and go slow.'
ADHD: The standard starting dose for adults is often 5 mg once or twice daily. The daily dosage may be raised in increments of 5 mg at weekly intervals until an optimal response is obtained. While the typical range is 5 mg to 40 mg per day, some patients may require higher doses, though doses exceeding 60 mg per day are rarely recommended and require close scrutiny.
Narcolepsy: The usual dose is 5 mg to 60 mg per day in divided doses. Your doctor may start with 10 mg daily and increase by 10 mg increments weekly.
Pediatric Dosage
Dextroamphetamine is approved for use in children as young as 3 years old for certain indications, though ADHD dosing usually begins at age 6.
ADHD (Ages 6-17): Start with 5 mg once or twice daily. Increase daily dosage in 5 mg increments at weekly intervals.
ADHD (Ages 3-5): Start with 2.5 mg daily. Increase daily dosage by 2.5 mg at weekly intervals.
Narcolepsy (Ages 6-12): Start with 5 mg daily; increase by 5 mg weekly.
Narcolepsy (Ages 12+): Start with 10 mg daily; increase by 10 mg weekly.
Dosage Adjustments
Renal Impairment
Since dextroamphetamine is primarily excreted by the kidneys, patients with severe renal impairment (low GFR) may require lower doses or less frequent administration. Your healthcare provider will monitor kidney function tests to determine the safest dose.
Hepatic Impairment
While the liver processes a portion of the drug, specific dosage adjustments for hepatic impairment are not standardized in the labeling. However, caution is advised in patients with severe liver disease.
Elderly Patients
Clinical studies of dextroamphetamine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function.
How to Take Dextroamphetamine
Timing: Immediate-release tablets are usually taken 2 to 3 times daily. The first dose should be taken upon awakening. Subsequent doses should be spaced 4 to 6 hours apart. Avoid taking doses late in the evening to prevent insomnia (difficulty sleeping).
Food: Dextroamphetamine can be taken with or without food. However, consistency is key. If you experience stomach upset, taking it with a small meal may help.
Administration: Extended-release capsules should be swallowed whole. Do not crush, chew, or break them, as this destroys the controlled-release mechanism and increases the risk of immediate toxicity. For the oral solution, use a calibrated measuring device rather than a household spoon.
Storage: Store at room temperature (20°C to 25°C / 68°F to 77°F) in a tight, light-resistant container. Keep it in a secure location to prevent unauthorized use or theft.
Missed Dose
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember, unless it is late in the afternoon or evening. If it is nearly time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your regular schedule. Do not 'double up' or take extra medication to make up for a missed dose, as this increases the risk of cardiovascular side effects.
Overdose
An overdose of dextroamphetamine can be life-threatening. Symptoms include restlessness, tremor, rapid breathing, confusion, aggression, hallucinations, panic states, hyperpyrexia (extremely high fever), muscle pains, and arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat).
Emergency Measures: If an overdose is suspected, call 911 or your local emergency services immediately. Treatment often involves gastric lavage (stomach pumping), administration of activated charcoal, and supportive care to manage blood pressure and body temperature. In severe cases, intravenous medications may be used to counteract the stimulant effects.
> Important: Follow your healthcare provider's dosing instructions. Do not adjust your dose without medical guidance. Misuse of this medication can lead to serious heart problems or sudden death.
⚠️Side Effects
Common Side Effects (>1 in 10)
Most patients taking dextroamphetamine will experience at least one mild side effect, especially during the first few weeks of treatment as the body adjusts to the medication.
Insomnia: Difficulty falling or staying asleep is the most frequently reported issue. This is directly related to the drug's stimulant properties.
Anorexia and Weight Loss: A significant decrease in appetite is common. Patients may find they have no interest in food during the peak hours of the medication's effect.
Xerostomia (Dry Mouth): A parched feeling in the mouth, which can lead to dental issues if not managed with hydration.
Upper Abdominal Pain: Often described as a 'nervous stomach' or cramping.
Increased Heart Rate (Tachycardia)
🔴Warnings
Important Safety Information
Dextroamphetamine is a powerful medication that affects the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. It is not suitable for everyone. Before starting treatment, a full medical history, including a family history of sudden death or ventricular arrhythmia, must be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
Black Box Warnings
WARNING: ABUSE, MISUSE, AND ADDICTION
Dextroamphetamine has a high potential for abuse and misuse, which can lead to the development of a substance use disorder, including addiction. Misuse and abuse of CNS stimulants, including Dextroamphetamine, can result in overdose and death. Before prescribing, assess each patient’s risk for abuse, misuse, and addiction. Educate patients and their families about these risks and the proper storage and disposal of the drug.
Major Precautions
Cardiovascular Risks: Stimulant medications cause an average increase in blood pressure (about 2-4 mmHg) and heart rate (about 3-6 bpm). While these increases may be small, they can be dangerous for individuals with underlying heart conditions. Sudden death has been reported in association with CNS stimulant treatment at usual doses in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities.
🔄Interactions
Contraindicated Combinations (Do Not Use Together)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs): Dextroamphetamine must not be taken during or within 14 days following the administration of MAOIs (e.g., phenelzine, selegiline). This combination can cause a hypertensive crisis—a sudden, life-threatening spike in blood pressure—due to the massive accumulation of norepinephrine.
Serious Interactions (Monitor Closely)
Serotonergic Drugs: Taking dextroamphetamine with SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine), SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine), or triptans can increase the risk of Serotonin Syndrome. This is a potentially fatal condition caused by too much serotonin in the brain.
Alkalinizing Agents: Substances that make the urine or stomach less acidic (e.g., sodium bicarbonate, certain antacids) increase the absorption and decrease the excretion of dextroamphetamine. This can lead to dangerously high levels of the drug in the blood.
🚫Contraindications
Absolute Contraindications
Dextroamphetamine is strictly prohibited in the following circumstances because the risks significantly outweigh any potential benefits:
Advanced Arteriosclerosis: Hardening of the arteries can lead to rupture or blockage when blood pressure is elevated by the drug.
Symptomatic Cardiovascular Disease: Any active heart disease where increased heart rate or blood pressure would be dangerous.
Moderate to Severe Hypertension: The drug's tendency to raise blood pressure can push these patients into hypertensive crisis.
Hyperthyroidism: The body is already in a hyper-metabolic state; adding a stimulant can cause thyroid storm or cardiac failure.
Glaucoma
👥Special Populations
Pregnancy
Dextroamphetamine is classified as FDA Pregnancy Category C. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Data from animal studies suggest that high doses may have teratogenic (birth defect) effects.
Trimester Risks: Use during the first trimester is generally avoided unless the benefit clearly outweighs the risk to the fetus. Use in the third trimester may lead to increased risk of premature birth and low birth weight.
Neonatal Withdrawal: Infants born to mothers dependent on amphetamines may exhibit withdrawal symptoms such as agitation, lethargy, and poor feeding.
Breastfeeding
Dextroamphetamine is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants (such as tachycardia, irritability, and poor weight gain), a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
🧬Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Dextroamphetamine is a non-catecholamine, sympathomimetic amine with CNS stimulant activity. Its primary mechanism involves the release of stored catecholamines (dopamine and norepinephrine) from nerve terminals in the brain. It also acts as a potent inhibitor of the reuptake of these neurotransmitters by binding to the transport proteins. Furthermore, it inhibits the enzyme Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) at high concentrations, though this is a secondary effect. The net result is a massive increase in the concentration of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway (the reward center) and norepinephrine in the prefrontal cortex (the executive center).
Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamic effects of dextroamphetamine include increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, weak bronchodilation, and respiratory stimulation. In the brain, it produces a feeling of wakefulness, alertness, and a decreased sense of fatigue. At therapeutic doses for ADHD, it does not typically cause the 'euphoria' associated with abuse, but rather a 'calming' effect that allows for better focus. Tolerance to the appetite-suppressant effects usually develops within a few weeks.
Pharmacokinetics
| Parameter | Value |
Frequently Asked Questions
Common questions about Dexedrine
What is Dextroamphetamine used for?
Dextroamphetamine is primarily FDA-approved for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Narcolepsy. In ADHD, it helps to increase attention, reduce impulsivity, and manage hyperactivity in both children and adults. For narcolepsy, it is used to manage excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks. It works by stimulating specific neurotransmitters in the brain that regulate focus and wakefulness. Your healthcare provider will determine if this medication is appropriate based on a thorough clinical evaluation.
What are the most common side effects of Dextroamphetamine?
The most common side effects include insomnia (difficulty sleeping), decreased appetite, weight loss, dry mouth, and an increased heart rate. Many patients also report feeling restless or having a 'nervous' stomach during the first few days of treatment. These effects are generally dose-dependent and may decrease as your body adjusts to the medication. However, if these symptoms become severe or persist, you should contact your doctor. Monitoring weight and heart health is a standard part of treatment.
Can I drink alcohol while taking Dextroamphetamine?
No, you should strictly avoid alcohol while taking dextroamphetamine. Alcohol is a depressant, while dextroamphetamine is a stimulant; combining them can lead to unpredictable effects on the cardiovascular system and central nervous system. Alcohol can also interfere with the way the medication is released in the body, potentially leading to a dangerous spike in drug levels. Furthermore, the stimulant can mask the feeling of intoxication, increasing the risk of alcohol poisoning. Always discuss your lifestyle habits with your physician before starting this medication.
Is Dextroamphetamine safe during pregnancy?
Dextroamphetamine is generally not recommended during pregnancy unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. It is classified as Category C, meaning animal studies have shown adverse effects, but there are no adequate human studies. There is evidence that use during pregnancy may increase the risk of premature birth, low birth weight, and neonatal withdrawal symptoms. If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, you must discuss alternative treatment options with your healthcare provider. A careful risk-benefit analysis is required for each individual case.
How long does it take for Dextroamphetamine to work?
Immediate-release formulations of dextroamphetamine typically begin to work within 30 to 60 minutes of ingestion. Peak effects are usually reached within 2 to 3 hours, and the therapeutic benefits generally last for about 4 to 6 hours per dose. Extended-release versions take a similar amount of time to start working but provide a steady release of medication throughout the day, lasting up to 12 hours. The exact timing can vary based on individual metabolism and whether the medication was taken with a high-fat meal. Your doctor will help you determine the best schedule for your needs.
Can I stop taking Dextroamphetamine suddenly?
You should never stop taking dextroamphetamine suddenly without consulting your doctor, especially if you have been taking it for a long time or at high doses. Abrupt discontinuation can lead to a 'withdrawal' or 'crash' period. Symptoms of this crash include extreme fatigue, depression, irritability, and disrupted sleep patterns. Your healthcare provider will usually recommend a gradual tapering of the dose to allow your brain chemistry to adjust safely. If you experience severe mood changes during this process, seek medical advice immediately.
What should I do if I miss a dose of Dextroamphetamine?
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember, but only if it is still early in the day. If you remember the missed dose late in the afternoon or evening, it is usually better to skip it to avoid significant insomnia at night. Never take two doses at once to make up for a missed one, as this can cause dangerous increases in blood pressure and heart rate. Simply resume your normal dosing schedule the following morning. If you frequently miss doses, consider using a pill reminder app or a weekly pill box.
Does Dextroamphetamine cause weight gain?
No, dextroamphetamine is much more likely to cause weight loss rather than weight gain. As a potent stimulant, it significantly suppresses appetite and increases the body's metabolic rate. In children, this can sometimes lead to slowed growth, which is why pediatricians monitor height and weight closely. If weight loss becomes a concern, your doctor may suggest taking the medication after meals or incorporating high-calorie, nutrient-dense snacks into your diet. Any significant or rapid weight loss should be reported to your healthcare provider immediately.
Can Dextroamphetamine be taken with other medications?
Dextroamphetamine has many potential drug interactions, some of which are very serious. It should never be taken with MAO inhibitors, and caution is required when combining it with antidepressants, blood pressure medications, or even antacids. Some medications can increase the levels of dextroamphetamine to toxic levels, while others can make it completely ineffective. It is vital to provide your doctor and pharmacist with a complete list of all prescriptions, over-the-counter drugs, and herbal supplements you are taking. They will perform a comprehensive interaction check to ensure your safety.
Is Dextroamphetamine available as a generic?
Yes, dextroamphetamine sulfate is available in several generic formulations for both immediate-release tablets and extended-release capsules. Generic versions are required by the FDA to have the same active ingredient, strength, dosage form, and route of administration as the brand-name versions. Choosing a generic can often significantly reduce the cost of treatment. However, some patients and doctors prefer specific brand-name versions due to differences in the inactive ingredients (fillers) or the specific release mechanism of the capsule. Discuss with your pharmacist which version is covered by your insurance.
Similar Medications
Other drugs with the same active ingredient (Dextroamphetamine)
Dizziness and Headache: Often transient but can be bothersome.
Irritability and Mood Swings: Some patients experience a 'rebound' effect where they become irritable as the medication wears off.
Lability (Emotional changes): Rapid shifts in mood or feeling 'flat' emotionally.
Tics: Development of repetitive motor movements or vocalizations.
Diarrhea or Constipation: Changes in bowel habits due to the drug's effect on the autonomic nervous system.
Rare Side Effects (less than 1 in 100)
Raynaud’s Phenomenon: Reduced blood flow to the fingers and toes, causing them to feel cold, numb, or change color (blue or white).
Psychotic Episodes: Even in patients without a history of mental illness, high doses can trigger hallucinations or delusions.
Rhabdomyolysis: A serious condition involving the breakdown of muscle tissue, often associated with extreme physical exertion or high fever while on the drug.
Visual Disturbances: Blurred vision or difficulty with accommodation (focusing).
Serious Side Effects — Seek Immediate Medical Attention
> Warning: Stop taking Dextroamphetamine and call your doctor immediately if you experience any of these.
Cardiovascular Events: Chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting. These may indicate a heart attack or stroke.
Psychiatric Symptoms: New or worsening aggressive behavior, hearing voices, or believing things that are not true (paranoia).
Seizures: Especially in patients with a prior history of seizure disorders.
Serotonin Syndrome: If combined with other medications, symptoms include shivering, diarrhea, confusion, severe muscle tightness, and fever.
Anaphylaxis: Severe allergic reactions including hives, swelling of the face or throat, and difficulty breathing.
Long-Term Side Effects
Growth Suppression: In pediatric patients, long-term use of stimulants has been associated with a temporary slowing in growth rate (both height and weight). Most children eventually reach their predicted adult height, but 'drug holidays' (planned breaks from the medication) are sometimes recommended by doctors to mitigate this.
Tolerance and Dependence: Over time, the brain may become less responsive to the drug, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect. This can lead to physical and psychological dependence.
Cardiovascular Strain: Chronic elevation of heart rate and blood pressure may increase the long-term risk of hypertension or left ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the heart muscle).
Black Box Warnings
The FDA has issued a Boxed Warning for dextroamphetamine regarding its high potential for abuse and dependence.
1Abuse and Diversion: Dextroamphetamine has a high potential for abuse. Particular attention should be paid to the possibility of subjects obtaining amphetamines for non-therapeutic use or distribution to others. It should be prescribed sparingly.
2Misuse Risks: Misuse of amphetamines may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular adverse events.
3Dependence: Prolonged administration may lead to drug dependence. Abrupt cessation following prolonged high-dosage administration results in extreme fatigue and mental depression; changes are also noted on the sleep EEG.
Report any unusual symptoms to your healthcare provider. Monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate is mandatory for all patients on long-term therapy.
Psychiatric Risks: Stimulants may exacerbate symptoms of behavior disturbance and thought disorder in patients with a pre-existing psychotic disorder. Particular care should be taken in using stimulants to treat ADHD in patients with comorbid bipolar disorder because of concern for possible induction of a mixed/manic episode.
Seizures: There is some clinical evidence that stimulants may lower the convulsive threshold in patients with a prior history of seizures.
Visual Disturbance: Difficulties with accommodation and blurring of vision have been reported with stimulant treatment.
Growth Monitoring: Growth should be monitored during treatment with stimulants. Patients who are not growing or gaining weight as expected may need to have their treatment interrupted.
Monitoring Requirements
Patients on dextroamphetamine require ongoing clinical surveillance:
Cardiovascular Monitoring: Blood pressure and pulse should be recorded at every visit, typically every 3 to 6 months.
Growth Tracking: In children, height and weight should be plotted on a growth chart at least twice a year.
Psychiatric Assessment: Routine screening for the emergence of 'tics,' anxiety, or aggressive behavior.
Lab Tests: While routine blood work is not always required for the drug itself, doctors may order liver function tests (LFTs) or renal function tests if underlying issues are suspected.
Driving and Operating Machinery
Dextroamphetamine may impair the ability of the patient to engage in potentially hazardous activities such as operating machinery or vehicles. While it often improves focus, the potential for 'rebound' fatigue or dizziness means patients should be cautious until they know how the medication affects them.
Alcohol Use
Alcohol should be strictly avoided. Alcohol can increase the release of the medication in some extended-release formulations and can mask the effects of alcohol intoxication, leading to a higher risk of alcohol poisoning or unpredictable cardiovascular strain.
Discontinuation
Do not stop taking dextroamphetamine abruptly if you have been taking it for a long period. This can lead to a 'crash' characterized by extreme fatigue, depression, and sleep disturbances. Your doctor will provide a tapering schedule to gradually reduce the dose.
> Important: Discuss all your medical conditions with your healthcare provider before starting Dextroamphetamine, especially any history of heart problems, high blood pressure, or mental health issues.
Acidifying Agents: Substances that make the urine or stomach more acidic (e.g., ascorbic acid/Vitamin C, fruit juices, guanethidine) decrease the absorption and increase the excretion of the drug, making it less effective.
Moderate Interactions
Antihypertensives: Dextroamphetamine can antagonize (block) the effects of blood pressure medications. Patients may need their blood pressure doses adjusted.
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs): Amphetamines may enhance the activity of TCAs, leading to increased cardiovascular effects like arrhythmias.
Anticonvulsants: Dextroamphetamine may delay the absorption of ethosuximide or phenobarbital, potentially affecting seizure control.
Food Interactions
Fruit Juices and Vitamin C: As mentioned, acidic beverages can lower the effectiveness of the medication. It is best to avoid drinking orange or grapefruit juice within an hour of taking your dose.
Caffeine: Consuming large amounts of caffeine (coffee, tea, energy drinks) while taking a stimulant can lead to excessive jitteriness, palpitations, and increased blood pressure.
High-Fat Meals: Can delay the absorption of the drug, which might lead a patient to think the dose isn't working and take more, increasing the risk of toxicity.
Herbal/Supplement Interactions
St. John’s Wort: May increase the risk of serotonin syndrome when combined with stimulants.
Melatonin: While often used for sleep, some patients report increased morning grogginess when combined with daytime stimulants.
Ginseng: Can have additive stimulant effects, leading to increased heart rate and anxiety.
Lab Test Interactions
Urinary Steroids: Amphetamines may cause a significant elevation in plasma corticosteroid levels; this should be considered if a patient is undergoing testing for adrenal function.
Drug Screenings: Dextroamphetamine will result in a positive test for 'amphetamines' on standard urine drug screens. Patients should provide their prescription to the testing laboratory.
For each major interaction, the management strategy usually involves dose adjustment or choosing an alternative therapy. Always consult your pharmacist for a full interaction check.
> Important: Tell your doctor about ALL medications, supplements, and herbal products you are taking, including over-the-counter cold medicines which may contain other stimulants.
: Dextroamphetamine can increase intraocular pressure (pressure inside the eye), worsening the condition and risking permanent vision loss.
Agitated States: Patients who are currently in a state of extreme agitation or mania may see their symptoms severely worsened.
History of Drug Abuse: Due to the high potential for addiction, the drug is generally contraindicated for those with a history of substance use disorder.
MAOI Use: As noted, use within 14 days of a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor is strictly forbidden.
Relative Contraindications
These conditions require a careful risk-benefit analysis and extra monitoring:
Patients who have had an allergic reaction or hypersensitivity to other sympathomimetic amines (such as lisdexamfetamine, mixed amphetamine salts, or ephedrine) are at a high risk of having a similar reaction to dextroamphetamine. Symptoms of cross-sensitivity include skin rashes, hives, and in severe cases, respiratory distress.
> Important: Your healthcare provider will evaluate your complete medical history before prescribing Dextroamphetamine to ensure none of these contraindications apply to you.
Pediatric Use
ADHD: Approved for children 6 years and older. In some cases, it is used for children as young as 3 for specific ADHD presentations.
Growth: Long-term use in children requires monitoring of height and weight. If growth is slowed, the physician may recommend a temporary 'drug holiday' during school breaks.
Safety: The safety and efficacy in children under 3 years of age have not been established.
Geriatric Use
Elderly patients (65+) should be treated with extreme caution.
Cardiovascular Strain: Older adults are more likely to have underlying heart disease or hypertension.
Renal Clearance: Natural decline in kidney function with age means the drug may stay in the system longer, increasing the risk of toxicity.
Polypharmacy: Seniors are often on multiple medications, increasing the likelihood of dangerous drug-drug interactions.
Renal Impairment
In patients with severe renal disease (Stage 4 or 5 CKD), the clearance of dextroamphetamine is significantly reduced. This necessitates a lower starting dose and slower titration. Dialysis does not effectively remove dextroamphetamine from the blood, so 'extra' doses after dialysis are not required.
Hepatic Impairment
While the liver is not the primary route of elimination, it does play a role in metabolism. Patients with Child-Pugh Class C (severe) hepatic impairment should be monitored for signs of excessive CNS stimulation, which may indicate that the drug is not being broken down efficiently.
> Important: Special populations require individualized medical assessment and more frequent follow-up appointments with their healthcare team.
Structure: It consists of a phenyl ring linked to an ethylamine group with a methyl substituent on the alpha carbon. The 'dextro' prefix refers to the right-handed chirality of the molecule at the alpha carbon.
Drug Class
Dextroamphetamine is the prototypical member of the Central Nervous System Stimulant [EPC] class. Related medications include Lisdexamfetamine (a prodrug of dextroamphetamine), Methylphenidate (Ritalin), and Mixed Amphetamine Salts (Adderall).