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Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice.
Non-Standardized Insect Allergenic Extract [EPC]
Antimony Pentasulfide is a chemical compound utilized in specialized medical applications, including non-standardized allergenic extracts and specific medical device components, classified under several FDA Established Pharmacologic Classes (EPC).
Name
Antimony Pentasulfide
Raw Name
ANTIMONY PENTASULFIDE
Category
Non-Standardized Insect Allergenic Extract [EPC]
Drug Count
5
Variant Count
5
Last Verified
February 17, 2026
About Antimony Pentasulfide
Antimony Pentasulfide is a chemical compound utilized in specialized medical applications, including non-standardized allergenic extracts and specific medical device components, classified under several FDA Established Pharmacologic Classes (EPC).
Detailed information about Antimony Pentasulfide
This page is for informational purposes only and does not replace medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before using any medication containing Antimony Pentasulfide.
Antimony Pentasulfide (chemical formula $Sb_2S_5$), often referred to as 'golden antimony sulfide' or 'antimony red,' is a complex inorganic compound that occupies a unique niche in the modern pharmacological landscape. Within the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory framework, Antimony Pentasulfide is categorized under several Established Pharmacologic Classes (EPC), most notably as a Non-Standardized Insect Allergenic Extract [EPC], a Copper-containing Intrauterine Device [EPC], and a Non-Standardized Pollen Allergenic Extract [EPC]. While it may seem counterintuitive for a heavy metal derivative to be linked to allergenic extracts and medical devices, its presence is typically associated with the stabilization, manufacturing, or specific material properties of these products.
Historically, antimony compounds have been used in medicine for centuries, dating back to ancient Egypt and Greece, primarily for their antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties. However, in contemporary clinical practice, Antimony Pentasulfide is not typically used as a standalone oral or systemic medication. Instead, it serves as a critical component in diagnostic or therapeutic allergenic extracts and as a constituent in the material science of certain intrauterine devices (IUDs). According to the FDA’s Structured Product Labeling (SPL), its classification as an allergenic extract component suggests its role in the preparation of diagnostic tests for hypersensitivity or as a trace element in the processing of biological extracts.
At the molecular level, the mechanism of action for Antimony Pentasulfide depends heavily on its clinical application. When used within the context of Non-Standardized Insect or Pollen Allergenic Extracts, the compound may act as a stabilizer or a trace reagent that facilitates the extraction of allergenic proteins. In these instances, it does not possess a primary 'mechanism' in the traditional sense of binding to a receptor (like an ACE inhibitor or a Beta-blocker). Instead, it supports the integrity of the biological extract used for skin prick testing or immunotherapy.
In the context of Copper-containing Intrauterine Devices (IUDs), antimony compounds are often utilized in the vulcanization process of the plastic or rubber components of the device. The mechanism here is purely structural, ensuring the device maintains its shape and durability within the uterine environment. From a toxicological perspective, if antimony ions were to be released, they are known to interact with sulfhydryl groups (-SH) on various enzymes, potentially disrupting cellular metabolism. However, in FDA-approved medical devices, the levels of antimony are strictly controlled to prevent systemic toxicity while leveraging the material's stability.
Understanding the pharmacokinetics of Antimony Pentasulfide is challenging because it is rarely administered as a pure systemic drug. Its behavior in the body is usually inferred from the products it is contained within.
Antimony Pentasulfide is utilized in the following FDA-regulated contexts:
Antimony Pentasulfide is not available as a consumer-facing product. It is found in:
> Important: Only your healthcare provider can determine if a product containing Antimony Pentasulfide is appropriate for your diagnostic or contraceptive needs. Its use is strictly limited to clinical and surgical environments.
Because Antimony Pentasulfide is a component of complex products rather than a standalone medication, there is no standard 'mg/kg' dosage for the compound itself. Instead, dosage is determined by the specific product being used:
Antimony Pentasulfide-containing extracts may be used in pediatric populations for allergy testing under the strict supervision of a pediatric allergist. Dosing is highly individualized based on the child's sensitivity and the specific allergen being tested. There is no established safety profile for the use of antimony-containing medical devices (like IUDs) in pre-menarcheal children.
While systemic absorption from extracts or IUDs is minimal, patients with severe renal impairment (GFR < 30 mL/min) should be monitored closely if they require repeated exposure to antimony-containing products, as the kidneys are the primary route of heavy metal elimination.
No specific dosage adjustments are typically required for hepatic impairment due to the low systemic bioavailability of the pentasulfide form in approved medical applications. However, healthcare providers should exercise caution in patients with end-stage liver disease.
Clinical studies on allergenic extracts generally include limited numbers of patients over 65. In elderly patients, skin reactivity may be diminished, which can affect the interpretation of diagnostic tests containing Antimony Pentasulfide. No specific adjustment is needed for IUDs in post-menopausal women, though IUDs are generally not indicated after menopause.
Antimony Pentasulfide is never self-administered.
Storage: Products containing Antimony Pentasulfide, specifically allergenic extracts, must be stored in a refrigerator at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). They should never be frozen.
Systemic overdose of Antimony Pentasulfide in a clinical setting is extremely rare due to the minute quantities used. However, symptoms of antimony toxicity (stibialism) include:
In the event of suspected toxicity, emergency measures include stabilization of the airway, intravenous fluids, and the potential use of chelating agents like Dimercaprol (BAL) or Succimer (DMSA) under the guidance of a toxicologist.
> Important: Follow your healthcare provider's dosing and appointment schedule exactly. Do not attempt to modify or self-administer any product containing this compound.
When Antimony Pentasulfide is used as part of an allergenic extract or medical device, side effects are usually localized rather than systemic. Common reactions include:
> Warning: Stop the use of the offending product and call your doctor immediately if you experience any of these symptoms, which may indicate a severe allergic reaction or systemic toxicity.
Prolonged exposure to high levels of antimony (usually industrial or occupational) can lead to chronic respiratory irritation, 'antimony pneumoconiosis,' and potential effects on the myocardium (heart muscle). However, the trace amounts found in FDA-approved medical products have not been linked to chronic systemic toxicity in long-term follow-up studies. For IUD users, long-term effects are primarily related to changes in menstrual patterns which typically stabilize after 3 to 6 months.
No FDA black box warnings currently exist specifically for Antimony Pentasulfide as an isolated ingredient. However, Non-Standardized Allergenic Extracts often carry warnings regarding the risk of severe non-fatal and fatal systemic reactions (anaphylaxis). These products must only be administered in settings equipped with emergency resuscitative equipment and by personnel trained in the management of anaphylaxis.
Report any unusual symptoms or persistent side effects to your healthcare provider immediately. You may also report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Antimony Pentasulfide is a specialized chemical agent. Patients should be aware that its use is restricted to specific diagnostic and therapeutic contexts. It is not for general use and should never be handled outside of a clinical environment. The primary safety concerns involve localized hypersensitivity and the risk of systemic allergic reactions when used in biological extracts.
As of 2026, there are no specific FDA black box warnings for Antimony Pentasulfide itself. However, the products it is frequently found in—specifically Allergenic Extracts—carry significant warnings. These include the requirement for administration by clinicians prepared to treat anaphylaxis and the necessity of a 30-minute observation period post-injection.
For patients undergoing long-term immunotherapy with extracts containing Antimony Pentasulfide, or those with IUDs:
Antimony Pentasulfide does not typically cause drowsiness. However, if a patient experiences a vasovagal reaction (fainting) or a systemic allergic reaction following an injection, they should not drive or operate machinery until they have fully recovered and been cleared by a medical professional.
There are no known direct interactions between alcohol and Antimony Pentasulfide. However, alcohol can cause vasodilation (widening of blood vessels), which might theoretically increase the rate of absorption of an injected extract or worsen the symptoms of an allergic reaction.
> Important: Discuss all your medical conditions, especially heart rhythm problems or metal allergies, with your healthcare provider before starting any treatment involving Antimony Pentasulfide.
There are no drugs that are absolutely contraindicated with Antimony Pentasulfide due to chemical incompatibility. However, from a clinical management perspective:
> Important: Tell your doctor about ALL medications, including over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, and herbal supplements, especially if you are on heart or blood pressure medication.
Antimony Pentasulfide-containing products must NEVER be used in the following circumstances:
Conditions requiring careful risk-benefit analysis include:
There is potential cross-sensitivity between different antimony salts (e.g., Antimony Potassium Tartrate, Antimony Trisulfide). Patients allergic to one form of antimony should be considered allergic to all forms, including the pentasulfide. There is no documented cross-reactivity between antimony and unrelated metals like gold or silver, despite the 'golden' namesake.
> Important: Your healthcare provider will evaluate your complete medical history, including any history of fainting or severe allergies, before prescribing or using products containing Antimony Pentasulfide.
It is unknown whether antimony from these specific medical products passes into breast milk. However, given the extremely low systemic absorption from extracts and IUDs, the risk to a nursing infant is considered negligible. The World Health Organization (WHO) generally considers copper IUDs (which may contain antimony stabilizers) compatible with breastfeeding.
In patients over 65, the primary concern is the presence of comorbid conditions like coronary artery disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which would make the management of a systemic allergic reaction more difficult. Renal function should be considered, as age-related decline in GFR can slow the clearance of any absorbed heavy metals.
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the elimination half-life of antimony may be significantly extended. While the amounts in medical products are small, repeated diagnostic testing should be spaced out to prevent any potential accumulation.
No specific adjustments are required for patients with liver disease, as the liver does not play a primary role in the clearance of inorganic Antimony Pentasulfide. However, patients with hepatorenal syndrome should be treated with the same precautions as those with renal impairment.
> Important: Special populations require individualized medical assessment. Always inform your specialist if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or have underlying kidney issues.
Antimony Pentasulfide ($Sb_2S_5$) is an inorganic compound where antimony exists in the +5 oxidation state. In allergenic extracts, it functions primarily as a stabilizing agent or a residual component of the manufacturing process. It does not have a primary therapeutic mechanism of action in the way a hormone or enzyme inhibitor does.
In medical devices, it acts as a vulcanizing agent or pigment. If any antimony were to be biologically active, its molecular mechanism involves the high affinity of antimony ions for thiol (sulfhydryl) groups on proteins. By binding to these groups, antimony can inhibit enzymes involved in the glycolytic pathway and fatty acid oxidation. In parasitic organisms (like Leishmania), this leads to a drop in ATP production and cell death, though this effect is not the intended use in extracts or IUDs.
The pharmacodynamics of Antimony Pentasulfide in humans are minimal at clinical doses. It does not produce a dose-response effect on blood pressure, heart rate, or central nervous system function under normal conditions. The primary 'response' is the potential for immunogenicity (the ability to provoke an immune response), which is utilized in diagnostic testing.
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Bioavailability | < 5% (Oral); Negligible (Topical/Intradermal) |
| Protein Binding | Highly bound to Erythrocytes and Serum Albumin |
| Half-life | 24 - 48 hours (Initial); Weeks (Terminal tissue release) |
| Tmax | 1-2 hours (following systemic absorption) |
| Metabolism | Non-enzymatic; Oxidation/Reduction |
| Excretion | Renal (80-90%), Fecal (10%) |
Antimony Pentasulfide is classified within the Non-Standardized Insect/Pollen Allergenic Extract [EPC] and Copper-containing Intrauterine Device [EPC] classes. It is chemically related to Antimony Trisulfide ($Sb_2S_3$) and Sodium Stibogluconate, though the latter is used systemically for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
Medications containing this ingredient
Common questions about Antimony Pentasulfide
Antimony Pentasulfide is primarily used as a component in non-standardized allergenic extracts for diagnosing and treating allergies to insects and pollens. It is also utilized as a structural component in the manufacturing of certain medical devices, such as copper-containing intrauterine devices (IUDs). In these roles, it ensures the stability and physical integrity of the product. It is not used as a standalone medication for common illnesses. Its use is strictly regulated by the FDA within these specific pharmacologic classes.
The most common side effects are localized to the site of administration, such as redness, itching, and swelling at the injection site during allergy testing. For those using medical devices like IUDs that contain this compound, common side effects include uterine cramping and changes in menstrual bleeding patterns. Systemic side effects are very rare because the amount of the compound absorbed into the bloodstream is extremely small. Most local skin reactions resolve within 24 to 48 hours without treatment. Always report persistent or worsening symptoms to your healthcare provider.
There is no direct chemical interaction between alcohol and Antimony Pentasulfide. However, alcohol consumption can cause blood vessels to dilate, which might increase the severity of a systemic allergic reaction if one occurs during allergy testing. It is generally recommended to avoid alcohol on the day of an allergy injection to ensure that any side effects can be clearly identified and managed. If you have an IUD containing this compound, alcohol does not affect its contraceptive efficacy. Consult your doctor for specific guidance based on your treatment plan.
The safety of Antimony Pentasulfide during pregnancy depends on its application. For allergy injections, it is generally used only if the benefit to the mother outweighs the potential risk of a systemic reaction, which could affect the fetus. It is typically not started during pregnancy but may be continued at a steady dose. For IUDs, the device must not be inserted during pregnancy, and if a woman becomes pregnant with one in place, it carries a high risk of complications. Always inform your healthcare provider if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant before any procedure.
In the context of diagnostic allergy testing, the reaction to the extract containing Antimony Pentasulfide usually occurs within 15 to 30 minutes. This 'immediate hypersensitivity' response allows doctors to identify specific allergies quickly. When used in an IUD, the device's structural properties are effective immediately upon insertion by a healthcare professional. For immunotherapy (allergy shots), it can take several months of gradually increasing doses before the patient experiences a significant reduction in allergy symptoms. The compound itself is a facilitator of these processes rather than the primary active agent.
Since Antimony Pentasulfide is not a daily oral medication, 'stopping' it usually refers to discontinuing allergy shots or removing an IUD. Discontinuing allergy shots suddenly will not cause physical withdrawal, but it will stop the process of desensitization, meaning your allergies may return to their original severity. Removing an IUD results in the immediate loss of contraceptive protection and the potential return of fertility. You should never attempt to remove an IUD yourself; this must be done by a healthcare professional. Always discuss the discontinuation of any clinical treatment with your doctor first.
If you miss an appointment for an allergenic extract injection, contact your allergist as soon as possible to reschedule. Missing a dose in an immunotherapy schedule may require your doctor to adjust the next dose downward to ensure safety and prevent a severe reaction. For medical devices like IUDs, there are no 'doses' to miss as the device works continuously once inserted. Consistency is key in allergy treatment to achieve the best results. Do not attempt to 'double up' on injections if you have missed several appointments.
There is no clinical evidence to suggest that Antimony Pentasulfide, in the trace amounts found in allergenic extracts or IUDs, causes weight gain. Heavy metal toxicity can sometimes cause metabolic changes, but the levels used in FDA-approved medical products are far below the threshold for such systemic effects. If you experience unexpected weight changes while using a product containing this compound, it is likely due to other factors or medications. Discuss any concerns about weight with your healthcare provider to identify the underlying cause.
Antimony Pentasulfide is generally compatible with most medications, but there are important exceptions. Patients on beta-blockers or ACE inhibitors may be at higher risk for severe reactions during allergy testing or may not respond well to emergency treatments like epinephrine. Additionally, other drugs that affect the heart's rhythm (QT-prolonging drugs) should be used with caution. Because it is used in specialized clinical settings, your doctor will review your entire medication list before administration. Always provide a full list of your current prescriptions and supplements to your medical team.
Antimony Pentasulfide is not sold as a standalone brand-name or generic drug. It is an ingredient found in various non-standardized allergenic extracts and medical devices produced by different manufacturers. These products are often referred to by the name of the allergen (e.g., 'Honey Bee Venom Extract') or the device brand (e.g., 'ParaGard'). While there are different brands of these products, they are not 'generics' in the traditional sense of a retail pharmacy medication. Availability is limited to specialized clinics and hospitals.