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Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice.
Other
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum is a gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA). In clinical pharmacology, it is utilized as an active biological ingredient in diagnostic antigens and specific homeopathic preparations.
Name
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum
Raw Name
ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM
Category
Other
Drug Count
3
Variant Count
3
Last Verified
February 17, 2026
About Anaplasma Phagocytophilum
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum is a gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA). In clinical pharmacology, it is utilized as an active biological ingredient in diagnostic antigens and specific homeopathic preparations.
Detailed information about Anaplasma Phagocytophilum
References used for this content
This page is for informational purposes only and does not replace medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before using any medication containing Anaplasma Phagocytophilum.
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum is a small, obligate intracellular bacterium that belongs to the family Anaplasmataceae. It is primarily recognized in clinical medicine as the pathogen responsible for Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA), a tick-borne disease transmitted primarily by the Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus ticks. While traditionally viewed strictly as a pathogen, in the context of pharmaceutical and diagnostic applications, Anaplasma Phagocytophilum serves as an active biological ingredient. It is used in the manufacturing of diagnostic reagents—specifically for Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) assays and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA)—and is also utilized in the production of homeopathic nosodes (preparations made from biological materials).
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2024), the classification of this organism has evolved; it was previously known as Ehrlichia phagocytophila and Ehrlichia equi before being reclassified into the genus Anaplasma. As a pharmacological entity, it does not fit the traditional 'small molecule drug' profile. Instead, it is classified under 'Biologicals' or 'Other' therapeutic substances. Its presence in the pharmaceutical market is largely restricted to specialized diagnostic kits cleared by the FDA under the 510(k) pathway for the detection of antibodies in human serum.
In a clinical or diagnostic context, the 'mechanism of action' for Anaplasma Phagocytophilum depends on its application. When used as a diagnostic antigen, the organism (or specific recombinant proteins derived from it) acts as a target for the patient's immune system. If a patient has been exposed to the bacterium, their blood will contain specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. These antibodies bind to the Anaplasma Phagocytophilum antigen in the test kit, creating a measurable signal (such as fluorescence or color change) that confirms exposure or active infection.
At the molecular level, the bacterium has a unique affinity for neutrophils (a type of white blood cell). It utilizes a specialized secretion system (Type IV) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, which manipulate the neutrophil's cytoskeleton and inhibit its ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). This allows the bacterium to survive and replicate within a membrane-bound vacuole called a 'morula.' In homeopathic applications, the substance is serially diluted and succussed (shaken), based on the principle of 'like cures like,' although the molecular mechanism of high-dilution preparations remains a subject of ongoing scientific debate.
Because Anaplasma Phagocytophilum is a biological organism or an antigen extract rather than a metabolized drug, its pharmacokinetic profile differs significantly from standard medications.
The primary clinical applications of Anaplasma Phagocytophilum-derived products include:
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum is available in the following specialized forms:
> Important: Only your healthcare provider can determine if Anaplasma Phagocytophilum-based diagnostics or treatments are right for your specific condition. If you suspect a tick-borne illness, seek immediate medical evaluation.
Dosage for Anaplasma Phagocytophilum depends entirely on whether the substance is being used for diagnostic purposes or as a homeopathic preparation. There is no 'standard' dose for the bacterium itself, as it is a pathogen.
For diagnostic testing, there is no patient 'dosage.' Instead, a healthcare provider will collect a blood sample (serum). The laboratory then applies the serum to the Anaplasma Phagocytophilum antigen. Results are reported as titers (e.g., 1:64, 1:128). A four-fold increase in IgG titer between acute and convalescent samples is the gold standard for confirming a diagnosis.
In homeopathic practice, the dosage is determined by the practitioner based on the patient's constitution and symptom severity. Typical ranges include:
Pediatric patients undergo the same serological testing procedures as adults. Blood draw volumes are adjusted based on the child's weight and age, but the antigen interaction in the lab remains identical.
Homeopathic preparations are often used in children, but safety and efficacy have not been established by the FDA. Parents should consult a pediatrician before administering any biological nosode to a child. Dosing typically involves fewer pellets or lower frequencies than adult dosing.
No dosage adjustments are required for diagnostic testing in patients with kidney disease. For homeopathic preparations, the infinitesimal amount of active ingredient typically does not pose a risk for renal clearance issues, but patients with end-stage renal disease should exercise caution.
Anaplasmosis infection itself can cause elevated liver enzymes (ALT/AST). While the diagnostic use of the ingredient is unaffected by liver status, patients with hepatic impairment should be closely monitored for systemic reactions if using biological preparations.
Elderly patients are at a higher risk for severe complications from anaplasmosis infection. Diagnostic testing should be prioritized if symptoms appear. There are no specific dosage changes for homeopathic forms in the elderly, though polypharmacy must be considered.
If a dose of a homeopathic preparation is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered. If it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and resume the regular schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.
As a biological antigen in a lab setting, overdose is not possible for the patient. For homeopathic preparations, an 'overdose' of highly diluted material is unlikely to cause acute toxicity; however, it may lead to a 'homeopathic aggravation' (a temporary intensification of symptoms). In the event of accidental ingestion of a large quantity of the carrier medium (such as alcohol or sucrose), contact a Poison Control Center.
> Important: Follow your healthcare provider's dosing instructions. Do not adjust your dose or attempt to self-diagnose tick-borne illnesses without medical guidance.
Because Anaplasma Phagocytophilum is primarily encountered as a pathogen or a diagnostic tool, 'side effects' are usually categorized as the clinical manifestations of exposure or the body's reaction to the antigen.
In the context of infection (which the ingredient represents), common symptoms include:
In homeopathic use, common reactions may include a 'healing crisis' or temporary worsening of these symptoms as the immune system is stimulated.
> Warning: Stop taking any Anaplasma Phagocytophilum preparation and call your doctor immediately if you experience any of these serious symptoms, which may indicate a severe systemic reaction or advanced infection.
If the immune response to Anaplasma Phagocytophilum is not managed correctly, or if an infection is left untreated, long-term effects can include:
There are currently no FDA Black Box Warnings for Anaplasma Phagocytophilum diagnostic antigens or homeopathic dilutions. However, the FDA warns that homeopathic products have not been evaluated for safety or efficacy and should not replace standard medical care for serious infections. The CDC emphasizes that delaying antibiotic treatment for suspected anaplasmosis while waiting for laboratory results can lead to severe illness or death.
Report any unusual symptoms or worsening of your condition to your healthcare provider immediately.
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum is a biological agent that requires careful clinical management. The most critical safety point is the distinction between the use of the ingredient in controlled medical products and the active infection it causes. Patients must understand that homeopathic or alternative preparations containing this ingredient are not substitutes for antibiotic therapy (such as doxycycline) if an active infection is present.
No FDA black box warnings for Anaplasma Phagocytophilum. However, it is vital to note that the FDA does not recognize homeopathic nosodes as 'vaccines' or 'immunizations.' They do not provide protection against tick-borne diseases.
If you are being treated for conditions related to Anaplasma Phagocytophilum, your doctor may order the following tests:
Exposure to this ingredient, particularly if it leads to an immune response or infection, can cause severe fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Do not drive or operate heavy machinery until you are certain you are not experiencing cognitive or physical impairment.
Alcohol should be avoided during the acute phase of any reaction to Anaplasma Phagocytophilum. Alcohol can exacerbate liver stress and mask symptoms of neurological involvement or dehydration.
In a diagnostic context, 'discontinuation' is not applicable. For homeopathic use, the product should be discontinued if symptoms persist for more than 7 days or if a high fever develops. There is no known withdrawal syndrome associated with the discontinuation of homeopathic Anaplasma preparations.
> Important: Discuss all your medical conditions, especially any history of immune deficiency or liver disease, with your healthcare provider before starting any product containing Anaplasma Phagocytophilum.
There are no documented 'drug-drug' interactions in the traditional sense for Anaplasma Phagocytophilum antigens. However, the following contraindications apply to the clinical management of the organism:
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum can cause several significant changes in laboratory results:
For each major interaction, the management strategy involves close clinical monitoring and ensuring the healthcare provider has a full list of all substances being consumed.
> Important: Tell your doctor about ALL medications, supplements, and herbal products you are taking, especially if you are undergoing diagnostic testing for tick-borne illnesses.
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum-based products (specifically homeopathic or biological extracts) must NEVER be used in the following circumstances:
Conditions requiring careful risk-benefit analysis include:
Patients who are allergic to other members of the Anaplasmataceae family (such as Ehrlichia species) or the Rickettsiaceae family may exhibit cross-sensitivity to Anaplasma Phagocytophilum antigens. Additionally, sensitivity to the carrier mediums in homeopathic preparations (such as lactose or ethanol) must be considered.
> Important: Your healthcare provider will evaluate your complete medical history, including any potential for co-infections, before prescribing or using Anaplasma Phagocytophilum-based products.
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum is considered a significant risk during pregnancy if it manifests as an active infection. According to the CDC, doxycycline is still the first-line treatment for anaplasmosis in pregnant women despite general concerns about tetracyclines, as the benefit of treating the infection outweighs the risk to the fetus. Regarding the use of the ingredient in homeopathic form, there is no FDA pregnancy category assigned. It is generally advised to avoid non-essential biological preparations during all trimesters unless specifically directed by a high-risk obstetrician.
It is unknown if the antigens or homeopathic dilutions of Anaplasma Phagocytophilum pass into breast milk. While the bacterium itself is not known to be transmitted via breast milk, the systemic immune response in the mother could theoretically affect milk composition. Breastfeeding mothers should consult with a lactation consultant and their physician before using any biological nosodes.
Anaplasmosis can be severe in children, though it is often less frequent than in adults. Diagnostic testing using the Anaplasma Phagocytophilum antigen is safe and necessary for children with suspected tick-borne illness. Homeopathic use in children should be approached with extreme caution; there is no evidence that these products are safe for the developing immune systems of infants or toddlers.
Patients over the age of 65 are at the highest risk for complications from Anaplasma Phagocytophilum exposure. This population often has reduced renal clearance and a higher prevalence of comorbidities. When using diagnostic antigens, results must be interpreted carefully as the elderly may have a blunted IgM response. In terms of homeopathic use, the risk of polypharmacy interactions is a primary concern.
In patients with a GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) below 30 mL/min, the systemic effects of an anaplasmosis infection can be devastating. While the diagnostic antigen itself does not require dose adjustment, the clinical management of the patient's fluid and electrolyte balance is critical. Dialysis does not clear the bacterium, but it may be necessary if the infection leads to acute tubular necrosis.
For patients with Child-Pugh Class B or C hepatic impairment, any exposure to Anaplasma Phagocytophilum antigens should be monitored with frequent LFTs. The liver's ability to process the inflammatory cytokines produced during the immune response may be compromised, leading to a higher risk of coagulopathy.
> Important: Special populations require individualized medical assessment and should never attempt to manage tick-borne related issues without professional oversight.
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that exhibits a unique tropism for neutrophils. The molecular mechanism involves the binding of the bacterial surface protein OmpA to the host cell receptor PSGL-1 (P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1). Once internalized, the bacterium resides in a protective vacuole. It lacks the genes for lipid A and peptidoglycan synthesis, which helps it evade detection by the host's innate immune system (specifically TLR4). Instead, it uses a Type IV Secretion System (T4SS) to deliver effectors like Anaplasma translocated substrate 1 (Ats-1) into the host mitochondria to inhibit apoptosis (programmed cell death), effectively turning the neutrophil into a long-lived 'factory' for bacterial replication.
The pharmacodynamics of Anaplasma Phagocytophilum antigens in diagnostic kits are characterized by the binding affinity (Km) between the antigen and human antibodies. The duration of the effect (the 'window' of detection) typically begins 7-10 days after exposure and can persist for months or years (IgG). In homeopathic preparations, the pharmacodynamics are non-linear and do not follow a traditional dose-response curve.
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Bioavailability | N/A (Diagnostic) / High (Homeopathic mucosal) |
| Protein Binding | N/A |
| Half-life | 2-5 hours (Bacterial replication cycle) |
| Tmax | 7-14 days (Peak clinical symptoms) |
| Metabolism | Non-enzymatic (Proteolysis) |
| Excretion | Cellular degradation |
As a biological entity, Anaplasma Phagocytophilum does not have a simple molecular formula. It consists of a double-stranded circular DNA genome of approximately 1.47 million base pairs. The cell wall is gram-negative in structure but lacks LPS (lipopolysaccharide). It is highly sensitive to desiccation and cannot survive outside of a host cell or a specialized transport medium.
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum is classified as a Biological Reagent / Diagnostic Antigen. In the context of alternative medicine, it is classified as a Nosode. It is related to other tick-borne pathogens such as Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Neoehrlichia mikurensis.
Medications containing this ingredient
Common questions about Anaplasma Phagocytophilum
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum is primarily used as a diagnostic tool to identify Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, a serious tick-borne disease. In clinical laboratories, the bacterium or its proteins act as antigens that bind to antibodies in a patient's blood sample, allowing doctors to confirm if a person has been infected. Additionally, it is used in the production of homeopathic nosodes, which are highly diluted preparations used in alternative medicine to address symptoms related to tick exposure. It also serves as a critical component in research for developing vaccines and understanding intracellular infections. It is not a medication used for general purposes and is strictly regulated in medical contexts.
The 'side effects' of Anaplasma Phagocytophilum are most commonly the symptoms of the infection it causes, which include high fever, severe headache, muscle aches (myalgia), and extreme fatigue. When used as a diagnostic antigen, there are no side effects to the patient as the test is performed on a blood sample outside the body. In homeopathic use, some patients report a temporary worsening of symptoms, known as an 'aggravation,' which may include mild chills or lethargy. Rare but serious side effects of exposure to the live organism include respiratory distress, kidney failure, and neurological issues. Always consult a doctor if you experience flu-like symptoms after a tick bite.
It is strongly advised to avoid alcohol if you are being treated for or are recovering from exposure to Anaplasma Phagocytophilum. Alcohol can place additional stress on the liver, which is often already affected by the body's immune response to this organism. Furthermore, alcohol can interfere with the antibiotics (like doxycycline) used to treat anaplasmosis and may mask important symptoms like dizziness or confusion. If you are using homeopathic preparations, alcohol may interfere with the intended energetic effect of the remedy. Always prioritize hydration with water or electrolyte solutions during recovery. Consult your healthcare provider regarding when it is safe to resume alcohol consumption.
The use of Anaplasma Phagocytophilum in any form during pregnancy requires extreme caution and professional medical oversight. If a pregnant woman is infected with the live bacterium, it is a medical emergency that requires immediate antibiotic treatment to prevent complications for both mother and fetus. Regarding homeopathic dilutions of the ingredient, there is insufficient clinical data to confirm their safety during pregnancy. Most healthcare providers recommend avoiding biological nosodes while pregnant to prevent any unnecessary immune system stimulation. If you suspect you have been exposed to ticks while pregnant, seek testing immediately. Never attempt to self-treat tick-borne illnesses during pregnancy.
In a diagnostic setting, Anaplasma Phagocytophilum antigens 'work' almost instantly once they come into contact with a patient's antibodies in a lab dish, but the patient must have been infected for at least 7-14 days for enough antibodies to be present for detection. If you are referring to the onset of the infection itself, symptoms typically appear 5 to 14 days after a tick bite. For homeopathic preparations, the time to see an effect can vary from a few hours to several days, depending on the potency and the individual's response. It is important to note that these preparations do not work as quickly as antibiotics for acute infections. If symptoms do not improve rapidly, standard medical intervention is necessary.
Yes, you can generally stop taking homeopathic preparations of Anaplasma Phagocytophilum suddenly without experiencing traditional withdrawal symptoms. Unlike many pharmaceutical drugs, these biological dilutions do not create physical dependence. However, if you are stopping the remedy because your symptoms are worsening, it is crucial to contact a healthcare provider to ensure you do not have an active infection that requires antibiotics. In the context of diagnostic testing, there is nothing to 'stop' as it is a one-time or two-time laboratory procedure. Never stop a course of prescribed antibiotics for anaplasmosis early, as this can lead to a relapse of the infection. Always finish the full medical treatment plan provided by your doctor.
If you miss a dose of a homeopathic Anaplasma Phagocytophilum preparation, take it as soon as you remember, unless it is nearly time for your next scheduled dose. In that case, skip the missed dose and continue with your regular schedule; do not take two doses at once. Missing a dose of a homeopathic remedy is generally not a medical emergency, but consistency is often recommended by practitioners for the best results. If you miss a 'dose' of a diagnostic test (meaning you missed your follow-up blood draw), contact your doctor immediately to reschedule. The timing of the second blood draw is critical for confirming a change in antibody levels. Forgetting to treat an active infection is much more serious and requires immediate medical attention.
There is no clinical evidence to suggest that Anaplasma Phagocytophilum, whether as an infection or a homeopathic ingredient, causes weight gain. In fact, the acute infection caused by the bacterium often leads to a loss of appetite, nausea, and potential weight loss during the illness. Homeopathic preparations contain such minute amounts of the active ingredient that they have no caloric value and do not affect metabolic processes related to weight. If you experience unusual weight gain while being treated for a tick-borne illness, it may be due to other factors such as decreased physical activity or side effects of other medications (like corticosteroids). Discuss any unexpected weight changes with your healthcare provider.
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum antigens used in diagnostics do not interact with medications you are taking, although some drugs (like immunosuppressants) can make the test results less accurate. Homeopathic forms of the ingredient are generally considered safe to take alongside other medications, but you should always inform your doctor. There is a risk that immune-stimulating herbs or drugs could interfere with the body's response to the biological nosode. Most importantly, homeopathic preparations should never be used *instead* of necessary pharmaceutical treatments like antibiotics. If you are on blood thinners, be aware that an active anaplasmosis infection can lower your platelet count and increase bleeding risk. Always provide a full list of your medications to your medical team.
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum is not a patented drug, so the concept of 'generic' vs. 'brand name' does not apply in the traditional sense. It is a biological organism. Diagnostic kits using this ingredient are produced by various laboratory manufacturers (such as Focus Diagnostics or Euroimmun), and while they use the same 'active ingredient,' the proprietary methods for preparing the antigens may differ. Homeopathic versions are sold by various manufacturers under the name 'Anaplasma Phagocytophilum' or 'Anaplasma Nosode.' These are typically available over-the-counter in health food stores or through practitioners. Because these products are not FDA-approved for efficacy, there is no official 'generic' equivalent recognized by the government.